GULANI

DRAMATURGY OF ALEXANDRE KAZBEGI

Dali Betkhoshvili — 2023-12-31

The drama genre in the works of Alexandre Kazbegi proves that an
artistic word of the artist is full of deep emotions, as the human pains covered in religious cover is felt like the universal problems, as existence of the human being is linked with the sinful earthy environment.
Alexandre Kazbegi demonstrated human problems, the spirit of the
epoch, peculiarities of understanding the universe making key truth clearer.
The dramaturgy feels the pain of the epoch deeper, own pain is also shown to the reader on the surface, having linkage the personal pain to the God, homeland, nation and is transformed into general torture and tears.
The philosophy of Kazbegi shows combination of a new epoch with the
painful issues, psychological researches which regularly characterized to the author and it met the severe requirements of the epoch this way and filled the gap and planned hopeful future.
The work analysis the artistic and esthetic value of the dramaturgy of
Alexandre Kazbegi, including “Davit’s family”, “Torture of the Queen Ketevan” and “Arsena”, psycho-emotional peculiarities of the character,
national values reflecting the epoch and philosophy of the artist.

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT - THE FIRST ENGLISH FEMINIST WRITER

Diana Mikeladze — 2023-12-31

The aim of the paper is to present Mary Wollstonecraft, the first English
feminist writer, essayist and thinker inthe eighteenth-century English women's prose, as one of the first women thinkers to bring the principles of women's rights and gender equality to the forefront of her public agenda.
Despite the thematic diversity of Wollstonecraft's work, the paper focuses
on Wollstonecraft's view of women's upbringing and education, his findings on the downsides of women's education, and his views on theories of women's education development in the right direction.
The life and work of Mary Wollstonecraft is interesting not only from a
historical or literary point of view, but also as a key to the writer's open attitude towards taboo topics in the society of his time, which was unacceptable to eighteenth-century English conservative society.

THE WORK OF FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY IN GEORGIA

Irina Jishkariani — 2023-12-31

The article is dedicated to the work of the great Russian writer
Fyodor Dostoevsky, whose 200th anniversary is celebrated on November
11 this year. The article focuses on Dostoevsky's interest in Georgia, his
translation of his works into Georgian and their transfer to the Georgian
stage.
The article notes that the translation of Dostoevsky's works into
Georgian began only during the Soviet period, which is due to the fact
that Fyodor Dostoevsky's work did not receive much recognition during
his lifetime in his homeland. Only after the author's death was he
considered one of the best representatives of Russian realism. Probably
that is why the study of Dostoevsky's work in Georgia and the translation
of his works into Georgian dates back to the middle of the twentieth
century.
The article provides a brief overview of the history of translation of
Dostoevsky's works into Georgian, presents the translators who have
dedicated their work to Dostoevsky's work.

FAMILY-FEUDAL BATTLE IN SAMTSKHE-SAATABAGO IN THE 70S OF THE 16TH CENTURY AND POLITICAL ORIENTATION

Roman Gogolauri — 2023-12-31

The historical events of the 16th century, sharply different from the
previous centuries, are one of the most important periods in the history of Georgia, because these events determined the political orientation and place of Georgia in the context of the world at that time. The 16th century is, on the one hand, a period of unrelenting struggle against Iran and Ottomans, on the other hand, an era of internal "Georgian" confrontation, which played an important role in determining both the domestic and foreign course of Georgian politics in general. In the same century, an internal political struggle took place in Samtskhe-Saatabago, which, in fact, determined the future of this one of the largest parts of Georgia as a political entity.
The article discusses the internal feudal conflict in Samtskhe in the 70s
of the 16th century and its orientation against the background of the
conquering policies of Iran and the Ottoman Empire.

ANTHROPONYMS IN SAMEGRELO ACCORDING TO THE CHURCH DOCUMENTS AND AGAPES OF THE MONASTERY OF THE CROSS

Revaz Sherozia — 2023-12-31

The monuments of Georgian law and the agape and synaxarion of the Jerusalem Cross Monastery contain important information and reflect the situation of the 10th-19th centuries. The data in the monuments are noteworthy from many points of view; however, the article focuses on the formal and semantic study of anthroponyms. The analyzed units are grouped into simple and complex (composed) anthroponyms. Adverbs and personal nouns derived from nouns were distinguished in the simple group: gačirdia, goḳurcxia, erčkindia, gurišia, skvamišia; In complex - verb and noun component names: vagiḳondi, vamičkid, mamiordi, šurimidgi, tolisḳuami, babašuri.
It is worth noting that the origin of the discussed personal names are Magrelian and follow the Georgian word-building. Although the roots leave a more artificial impression, which is more common in Western Georgia in these days, and in many cases, is characterized by the sign of high artistic value.

AGAIN FOR NEW METHODOLOGY WHILE COMPILATION OF THE TOPONYM DICTIONARY

Ketevan Goderdzishvili — 2023-12-31

The article concerns a new methodology of compilation of a dictionary of toponyms, formed by me, which protects authorship of each person who was first to document each toponym. We have twice touched upon the methodology of compilation of a toponym dictionary: in 2018 and in 2021. We are forced to remind once more to those, who are willing to make a toponym dictionary, the necessity of respecting the methodology I have proposed, as, without taking into consideration this new way, we are led to violation of previous authors, first authors.
We should especially note that this issue has never been risen, nobody has examined it neither verbally, nor in written, it has not taken an appearance of the scientific etiquette. So if ten persons had published the same toponyms of the same village or region, all of them would claim that they are the original authors.

And so it happened.
In onomastic space while compiling a toponym dictionary, those scientists deserve the right of original authors, who has especially published toponym dictionaries, in which for the first time are included the toponyms, obtained in field from informers, or toponyms, scattered in various sources
The necessity of third publication of the new methodology was caused by two factors:
1) This issue is published in my books; by publishing it in a scientific magazine the proposed methodology will become more accessible for toponym specialists,
2) Most importantly, despite being published twice, the violation of the first author of toponyms was repeated again, that is, disregarding my material, which we are talking about at the beginning: “Don’t leave the old way” – sometimes is wrong.

FOR THE STRUCTURE-SEMANTICS OF HUMAN NAMES IN MEGRELIAN

Eka Dadiani — 2023-12-31

In the presented article, anthroponyms of Samegrelo are studied from a structural and semantic point of view. The anthroponymic material recorded by Akaki Chanturia in one of the parts of Georgia - Samegrelo before the Second World War was taken for analysis, which is compared with modern data (based on the registry information of 2020-2023 based on the example of Zugdidi municipality). The changes in the anthroponymy of Samegrelo during eight decades generally show the trends that can be observed in the Georgian anthroponymy. The structural models of Megrelian surnames, the principle and the affixes of formation are basically similar. Anthroponyms of specific formation (verb, composite) are almost not used today. (Moko – „I want“, ucha-kochi „a black man“...).The anthroponyms associated with the Soviet period (Valodya, Melor, Melsi...) were forgotten. Unfortunately, Georgian/Kartvelian names are also slowly disappearing. If in the 30s and 40s of the last century, indigenous anthroponyms were quite common in Samegrelo, today their number is significantly reduced and foreign names take their place.
According to statistical data, canonized names (of Jewish-Greek origin) predominate in the top ten names of both women and men (women's names: Mariam, Elena, Barbara, Martha... men's names: Gabriel, Toma, Alexandre, Ioane, Andria, Lazare, Nikoloz , Giorgi).
In addition, in Samegrelo, as in all of Georgia, European / Latin-American (feminine and composed of two names) anthroponyms appeared (female names: Alexandra, Ioana... Annamaria, Lisamaria; male names: Ali Alexi, Daniel-Vato). Anthroponyms of similar formation are not typical for Georgian.

DENOTING VOCABULARY OF PLANTS IN SAMEGRELO TOPONYMY

Alina Baghishvili — 2023-12-31

The work is a continuation of the article of the same name printed in the onomastic collection "Akhaltsikhe - 2015", the second part.This time, phytonyms, oikonyms, hydronyms, commononyms, etc. obtained from the proven plant vocabulary in Martvili (southern part) and Tsalenjikh districts of Samegrelo are discussed.Toponyms containing plants are classified according to their producing affixes.The study of toponymy derived from the names of plants gives us a clear idea of both the vegetation cover and the agricultural existence of the population of this area since ancient times.Different types of plants are spread in the research area: woody plants, breadfruit and fruit trees, berries, legumes, various herbs, including weeds.The work is accompanied by a list of Kolkhi grape varieties, 96 items.
The names of such plants are confirmed in the toponymy of Samegrelo, which are not even included in the Megrelian-Georgian dictionaries and botanical dictionaries too.The territory of historical Kolkheti was not only rich in gold, but also rich in flora, known for its unique vegetation, which is clearly reflected in microtoponymy.

ENCYCLOPEDIC REFERENSES BY JOHANN ZEDLER ON THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND TOPONYMY AND MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF ABKHAZIA

Igor Kekelia — 2023-12-31

The name of Johan Heinrich Zedler, a famous German publisher and bookseller, is connected with the creation of a German encyclopedia, the Grosses Universal-Lexicon (Great Universal Lexicon), the largest and most comprehensive German-language encyclopedia developed in the 18th century. Among its expansive content, 35 articles are distinctly devoted to the Georgian subject matter. This research highlights the significance of the Zedler Encyclopedia's content, particularly in relation to inquiries concerning the historical and geographical aspects of Abkhazia during the latter half of the 18th century.The information contained in the encyclopedia about Georgia was made available to Georgian researchers and a wide part of public translated from German published by Tamaz Gogoladze and Gocha Saitidze. Zedler gives the purpose of the publishing project in a rather broad headline. The publisher notes that the encyclopedia contains all sorts of information that the human mind has ever produced and modified.
Zedler's extensive references shed light on the toponyms and hydronyms that resonate within the borders of contemporary Abkhazia, encompassing notable names such as Enguri, Ekhalisi, Kodori, and Mokvistskali. Particularly intriguing is Zedler's documentation concerning the „Great Wall of Abkhazia“. This study delves into the multifaceted realms of historical geography and toponymy within Abkhazia, scrutinizing them through the lens of modern historiography.

FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE HOLY PLACES OF ROME IN THE WORK OF SULKHAN-SABA ORBELIANI „JOURNEY TO EUROPE“

Nestan Sulava — 2023-12-31

On August 17, 1713, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani left Gori with Jean Richard
to go on a diplomatic mission to Europe. They arrived in Kutaisi, where they stayed for 40 days with the Catholicos-Patriarch of Western Georgia Grigol II Lortkipanidze. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani introduced the purpose and tasks of his embassy to the Catholicos-Patriarch of Western Georgia Grigol II and his assistant Davit Beri, who accompanied Saba on his trip to Europe at the initiative of Patriarch Grigol II. He is called "David Megreli" in French sources. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani kept his embassy a secret. It is known that Catholicos Gregory shared the plans of Vakhtang VI and Sulkhan-Saba in matters of domestic and foreign policy of Georgia. According to the sources,
Catholicos Gregory, through Jean Richard, asked the King of France, Louis
XIV, to send French missionaries to Western Georgia, which David was
supposed to bring from Paris. Davit Megreli's personal qualities and abilities should have been the basis for the decision to bring him to Saba during his ambassadorship. This step had two meanings: 1. It was necessary to strengthen the attitude of the French rulers and the Pope of Rome in the matter of settling the Catholic missionaries in Western Georgia and creating an arena for them.
2. This diplomatic method, involving Western Georgia and taking care of the arrival of Catholic missionaries to Georgia, would allow Saba to appear before Louis XIV and the Pope as the ambassador not only of the Kingdom of Kartli, but of the whole of Georgia, thus increasing the authority of Vakhtang VI and It seemed that not only the Kingdom of Kartli, but also Western Georgia was trying to establish relations with France.
At that time, France was considered the protector of the Catholic
missionaries working in the East and provided great financial support to the foreign mission society. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani specially developed the goals of his embassy in France and Rome, first in Kartli, then in Western Georgia, and presented himself to the political leaders of the Catholic world. Saba spent a little more than two years in Europe and expressed his impressions in a magnificent work of travel-memoir character and documentary prose "Journey to Europe", which contains important information about the geographical space of France and Italy, their holy places, sanctuaries and sights preserved there. The work is of special importance for introducing the scientific geography and history of these countries as seen and perceived by the eyes of a foreigner. A special value is due to the fact that Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani sometimes compared the places and sights he visited with the nature and historical monuments of his homeland.

THE HOUSEHOLD AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GEORGIANS

Davit Shavianidze — 2023-12-31

We bring up for discussion issuess follows: 1. The results of studying onomastic material found in the historical-ethnographic regions of Georgia, such as Adjara and Svaneti; 2. Several terms concerning to the studied material, found during the research on surnames and hereditary names of surnames, toponyms, reflecting the household, cultural and religious details of Georgians existing in general Kartvelian dialects of communities and regions. The attempt of the Ottomans and Russians was to use the centuries-old surname telling the great socio-cultural history in order to change the established, time-tested, traditional way of life, the protection of which was guaranteed by this most important part of anthroponymy. The conquerors never achieved their goals. The names of people confirming the relations of Georgians with representatives of Caucasian and other ethnic groups are a means of studying the ethnic-cultural, socio-political history of the country. The primary source for the study of the Georgian social and cultural life is the common name of the brotherhood in Svaneti - "Kavi". Hereditary family names ("Ali-oglus", "Alaverd-oglus", "Ialam-oglus", "Shalikoglus", "Kadir-oglus", "Bidz-oglus", "Dari-oglus", "Mokhdilis", "Agatakhums", "Kobos"), anthropotoponyms (GobianKhidi, GudadziAkho, Kamajoghlebi, Lomsanidze, Dartsikana, Memishoglebi, Kukharti, RamazanGhele); Names of places explained in Turkish (Trubelughi, TunoBichegi, KuchugAraz, HajiogliYurdi); Toponyms denoting religious-cult and Georgian ethnic-cultural existence, relief (church and back of the church, Nafuzari and side of Nafuzari, LasharaGori, NakhizNavi, Shua Tem-ari, Akvanasseri, KalisSakazmavi (women’s decoration), Saghoria, Darchidzi Kana, GhamisSatevi (night lodging), Satsikhvela, (Tsikvilis Kari (mill doo), Nabeglavi, Nakaloeb and Gzabatsara, NadaburiGza, NadaburiTsveri) is a kind of carpet reflecting the cultural-historical and linguistic development of the respective era of the nation, thrown over a certain place, section of the land.
The terms describing the faith defining the life ("khelisgakhsna” (opening of the hand), "begara", "mogipso", "tavi” (head) “tvali” (eye), "rigdeba", "begara", "momapsebeli"...) tell us about the Georgian mentality about how the natives formed lexical units in accordance with the laws of their state-literary, native language, preserved and saved by the Adjarians and Svans.

ONOMASTIC PROBLEMS OF TOURIST MAPS OF SAMTSKHEJAVAKHETI

Nino Khazalashvili — 2023-12-31

The purpose of the article is to present the problems of toponymy on the
tourist maps of Samtskhe-Javakheti and their significance, both from the
perspective of tourism and onomastics. First, the challenges related to the onomastics of the region are analyzed from a historical and demographic point of view. Then, is presented the analysis of onomastic material on static and dynamic maps of Samtskhe-Javakheti. At the end of the article, measures are given that need to be taken to overcome the problems associated with the onomastics of Samtskhe-Javakheti maps.

SEVERAL GRECISMS, LATINISMS, AND SEMITISMS IN THE GEORGIAN FAMILY NAMES

Ketevan Jervalidze — 2023-12-31

The purpose of this study is to analyze the etymology of three Georgian
(Megrelian) family names; The authors have added new materials to the
existed findings.
1. The last name Stvilia: the opinion of the family name “Stvilia” being
originated from the Georgian word “stviri” (სტჳრი/სტვირი) – pipe, wind
instrument is developed further by bringing into discussion the Ancient
Greek semantic unit “στῦλ-ος ὅ” “სტჳლ-ოს” which semantically and
phonetically stands very close to the Georgian (Megr.) family name.
According to the findings of this research, Georgian and Greek words “στῦλ-ος ὅ”/ სტვირი” should share the same origin: “Beside στῦ-
λος stands in Indoiran. Av. stū-̆ na- m., stu-nā f., Skt. sthū-nā f.
(on ṇ Mayrhofer Mél. d'indianisme [Paris 1968] 509 f.) `pillar’with suffixal l-nvariation (Benveniste Origines 43); the basic verb is in Greek represented by στύω (s. v.). Here also with diff. ablaut σταυρός and στοά (s. vv.). Cf. furt her στύπος.
The length of the vowel is rather difficult with the proposed etymolog
y; I rather suspect that the word is of Pre-Greek originPage in Frisk: 2,813;”
The authors reference other significant lexicographers such as Beekes, Frisk, and Babiniotis. The article explains the phonetic process this Indo-European word experienced when entering the Georgian semantic space.
2. The last name Salia: according to the current data, the family name
“Salia” originates from the Hebrew word “Saul” (N. Jomedava); however, the authors explore five other possibilities in the article. No phonetic rules can prevent these possibilities from being shared by other scientists. The authors extensively explore the possible connection to the college of Romaic priests/priestess “Salii”: “I Salii, orum m [salio II]” or similar relation to the Latin verb “II salio, salui (ii), saltum, ire. 1) to jump, leap“. The article explores the Latin etymology as well: “PIE *sh2l-ie/o- 'to jump', *sh2l-to-. IE cognates: Olr. saltraid 'to trample', MWsathar 'trampling' < *sat-tro-^ W. satkru, Bret, saotran 'to soil'; Skt. pr. Sisarsi [2s.act.], sisrate [3p.med,] 'to flow, run, hurry5< PIE *seL; Gr. δλλομαι 'to jump'.”
3. The last name Geria: the family name “Geria” is assumed to have
derived either from the Georgian (Megr.) word “geri” (გერი) - wolf or the
Georgian word “geri” (გერი) - stepson/stepdaughter (N. Jomedava). The
word “გერი” (gēr) in Georgian currently is considered to be of Hebrew origin (Lerner, Biniashvili), and it is closely examined in the article; The root “ger” is attested in the Bible: “1 Ezr. 8, 2. Γηρσαμ/Gershom/Гирсам (Гершом), Old Georgian “gerson-s” (გერსამ/გერსონ-ს), New Georgian “Gershom” (გერშომ)”.
The authors also connect other Georgian family names გერსამია/Gersamia, ჯერვალიძე/ Jervalidze to this Hebrew (Semite) root “gēr”.
The researchers demonstrate multiple factual materials of lexical and
other categories.